特殊句式(強(qiáng)調(diào)、替代、省略和倒裝)
【考點(diǎn)分析】
強(qiáng)調(diào)句
1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用于強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述句;
2.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用于強(qiáng)調(diào)一般疑問句;
3.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用于強(qiáng)調(diào)特殊疑問句;
4.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用于強(qiáng)調(diào)not…until…句型;
5.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、祈使句的混合考查。
替代
1.do/does/did替代動(dòng)詞;
2.so和not分別代替肯定和否定的從句.
省略
1.主語(yǔ)的省略;
2.謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分的省略;
3.賓語(yǔ)的省略;
4.不定式的省略;
5.賓語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略;
6.虛擬條件句中if的省略。
倒裝句
1.部分倒裝;
2.完全倒裝
3.�？嫉膸讉�(gè)重要句型：
So +be/情態(tài)/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
Neither+be/情態(tài)/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
So +adj/adv …+that …
Neither …, nor …
Not only …, but also …
Not until …
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納】
為了表達(dá)說話人強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩或達(dá)到語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，常采用強(qiáng)調(diào)。應(yīng)用中，強(qiáng)調(diào)常通過強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法性倒裝、修辭性倒裝等來體現(xiàn)。作為修辭手段，省略和替代能使語(yǔ)句簡(jiǎn)練、緊湊，但往往給學(xué)生的理解和選擇造成一定的障礙。在近幾年的高考題中省略和替代現(xiàn)象時(shí)有出現(xiàn)，而且出錯(cuò)率較高，原因是因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)考生對(duì)省略和替代的規(guī)律不明了。請(qǐng)注意下面的說明。
I.強(qiáng)調(diào)句
1.It is (was) +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)…
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一成分(通常是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或狀語(yǔ))，常用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：
It is (was) +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)…
表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的it在這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中作主句的主語(yǔ)。
原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.
強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.
強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.
強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
一般講，原句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)砀鞣N時(shí)態(tài)，用It is…that (who)…;如果原句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過去各種時(shí)態(tài)，則用It was… that(who)…。
另外，還有下面幾點(diǎn)需要特別注意：
�、僭趶�(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，that后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與被強(qiáng)調(diào)者保持人稱和數(shù)的一致
It is I who am a teacher.
�、诩词贡粡�(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)
It is they who often help me with my lessons.
③在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、或方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不要用when,where,why 或 how ，而用that
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.
�、茉趶�(qiáng)調(diào)not … until 結(jié)構(gòu)中由 until 短語(yǔ)(或從句)表示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用固定的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
It is(was) not until ...that...。that 從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。
My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night.
It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.
⑤在強(qiáng)調(diào)一般疑問句中的某一成分時(shí)，主句要用一般疑問句的語(yǔ)序：即把is/ was提到it前面。
Did this happen in Beijing?
Was it in Beijing that this happened?
�、尢厥庖蓡柧渲兄挥幸蓡栐~可以強(qiáng)調(diào)，其強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是“被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞)+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分? "
Where were you born?
Where was it that you were born?
�、遪ot …until…句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句[來源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)ZXXK]
句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 其它部分
原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，till, until可通用;因?yàn)榫湫椭蠭t is/ was not … 已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)
It is/ was … that … 結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)，如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，用助動(dòng)詞do/ does或did。
Do sit down. 務(wù)必請(qǐng)坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他確實(shí)給你寫了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 過馬路時(shí)，務(wù)必(千萬)要小心啊!
注意：此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do/does和did ，沒有別的形式;過去時(shí)用did，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。
II替代
1.do/does/did替代動(dòng)詞
If that's the case then 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 people would weigh as much as the whole Earth
does.(= weighs)
Difficulties strengthen the mind, as labour does(= strengthen) the body.勞動(dòng)鍛煉身體，困難鍛煉意志。
A feather falls slower than a stone only because the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.(替代)
2.so和not分別代替肯定和否定的從句(常用動(dòng)詞：think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess,be afraid,fear,hope.etc.)
—Is he coming?
—I suppose so./So I suppose.
否定：I suppose not.
III.省略句
省略在英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用中，尤其是在交際對(duì)話中普遍存在，因?yàn)樗梢员苊庵貜?fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，能做到言簡(jiǎn)意賅，并使上下文緊密連接。在歷年的高考題中也屢見不鮮。省略有詞法上的省略，也有句法上的省略。
(一)詞法上的省略
1.名詞所有格后修飾的名詞在以下情況可以省略
�、偃绻~所有格修飾的名詞在前文已出現(xiàn)，則可以省略。
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). 這些是約翰的書，那些是瑪麗的書。
�、诿~所有格后修飾的名詞如果是指商店、住宅等地點(diǎn)時(shí)，這些名詞也常常省略。
at the doctor's 在診所 at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家
to my uncle's 到我叔叔家 at the barber's 在理發(fā)店
2.冠詞的省略
�、贋榱吮苊庵貜�(fù)
The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 電閃雷鳴。(thunder前省略了定冠詞the)
②在副詞的最高級(jí)前面的定冠詞�？梢允÷�。
She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。
�、墼谀承┆�(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中。
Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.)
我們的老師手里拿著一本書進(jìn)來了。
�、茉赼s引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)的單數(shù)名詞提前時(shí)，不定冠詞要省略。
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 雖然他還是一個(gè)孩子，卻懂得很多。
3.介詞的省略
�、賐oth 后常跟of短語(yǔ)，其后可以接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，也可以接代詞賓格復(fù)數(shù)形式。接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，介詞of可以省略，但接代詞賓格時(shí)，of不能省略。
Both (of) the films were interesting. 這兩部電影都很有趣。
She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀請(qǐng)我們倆去參加她的生日派對(duì)。
�、谠诂F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)和重復(fù)的句型中，一段時(shí)間前的介詞for可以省略。
These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time.
這雙鞋穿破了，已經(jīng)穿了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了。
�、酆鸵恍﹦�(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)中的介詞，consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing...,
have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介詞可以省略。
Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 樹能阻止泥土被沖走。
Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡嗎?
I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答這個(gè)問題我有點(diǎn)困難。
4.動(dòng)詞不定式中的省略
�、儆行﹦�(dòng)詞，believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。
I consider him (to be) lazy. 我認(rèn)為他懶。
His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.他母親發(fā)覺他是一個(gè)很聰明的孩子。
�、诟泄賱�(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式。
中的不定式符號(hào)to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，to必須保留。
They made the boy go to bed early.他們強(qiáng)迫這個(gè)男孩早睡。
The boy was made to go to bed early. 這個(gè)男孩被迫早睡。
注：help后作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
�、墼赾an not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的動(dòng)詞不定式一般不帶to;but之前有實(shí)
義動(dòng)詞do的某個(gè)形式do, does, did, done 時(shí)，也不帶to, 否則要帶to。
We have nothing to do now but wait. 我們現(xiàn)在除了等沒有別的事可做。
I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不欽佩他的勇敢。
He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受這個(gè)事實(shí)他別無選擇。
�、茉诓⒘薪Y(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復(fù)。
I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道該怎么想，怎么說才好。
但兩個(gè)不定式有對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時(shí)，則后一個(gè)to不能省略。
I came not to scold but to praise you. 我來不是責(zé)備你，而是贊美你。
�、菰趙hy, why not 引導(dǎo)的特殊問句中后跟省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
Why talk so much about it? 為什么大談這個(gè)事呢?
Why not try it again? 為什么不再試一試呢?
�、迍�(dòng)詞不定式中動(dòng)詞原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出現(xiàn)過同樣的動(dòng)詞。如果句子前面出現(xiàn)過同樣的動(dòng)詞，為了避免重復(fù)，句子后面的不定式常省略動(dòng)詞原形，而保留不定式符號(hào)to。
They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他們想去，他們就可以去。
Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告訴你去，你才可以去。
在一些動(dòng)詞afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，不定式中的to可以承前(后)省略。
—Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看電影嗎?
—Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。
I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).
我想為你做這事，但我又不知如何做。
在某些形容詞，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省略動(dòng)詞原形，只保留不定式符號(hào)to。
—Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我們一起做這個(gè)游戲嗎?
—Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 當(dāng)然，我愿意。
有些動(dòng)詞，tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like,
forbid等后跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式承前省略動(dòng)詞原形， 保留動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to。
He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come). 盡管我們邀請(qǐng)他來，他卻沒來。
注：承前省略的動(dòng)詞不定式如果有助動(dòng)詞have或be，則要保留be或have。
—Are you a teacher? 你是老師嗎? --No, but I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。
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